If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. He was married to Marie Antoinette and was executed for treason by guillotine in The outbreak of the U. Living in Havana, Cuba, the deposed caudillo devised a plan that would allow him to return to Mexico and reclaim his former position as the illustrious hero of the nation.
At the same time, he sent an emissary to Washington to assure the Polk administration that, if granted safe passage through the U. Accordingly, Santa Anna arrived in Vera Cruz in August , whereupon he disavowed the agreement with Washington and promptly set about to organize the war effort against the United States.
As in the Texas campaign a decade earlier, Santa Anna assumed complete control over military operations, commanding Mexican troops against Zachary Taylor's army in the North at Buena Vista Angostura , and then in the South, as Winfield Scott marched toward the capital.
After the fall of Mexico City, Santa Anna resigned, and would spend the next five years in exile. Invited to return in , the caudillo once again used his support among the nation's military elite to impose authoritarian rule upon Mexico's competing political factions. Impoverished, he was allowed to return to Mexico in , and died in Mexico City two years later. Mexican historians, to a large extent, have reviled him as a corrupt, self-aggrandizing leader who deserves much of the blame for the many problems which beset the republic during its early national period.
Moreover, they have accused him of betraying the homeland for surrendering large swaths of territory to the United States. American historians have tended to adopt a similarly negative view, while focusing their attention on his military failures in the Texas campaign and the war against the United States a decade later. Hinckley, Jr. New Hampshire becomes the ninth and last necessary state to ratify the Constitution of the United States, thereby making the document the law of the land.
By , defects in the post-Revolutionary War Articles of Confederation were apparent, such as the lack of central authority On this day in June in two different years , two future presidents, Zachary Taylor and Richard Nixon, marry the women who will become their first ladies.
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His passport had already been denied Swarms of admirers mob the Hollywood film actors Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks, who arrive in London on their honeymoon on June 21, An earthquake near the Caspian Sea in Iran kills an estimated 50, and injures another , people on June 21, The 7. Thirty minutes past midnight, with most people sleeping in their homes, In December Santa Anna broke with Iturbide over a series of personal grievances, and he called for a republic in his Plan of Casa Mata in December In he defeated the Spanish invasion at Tampico and emerged from the campaign as a national hero.
In the course of this campaign, he demonstrated several of his characteristic military strengths and weaknesses; he was able to pull an army together quickly and with severely limited resources, but he also combined elaborate planning with slipshod and faulty execution. He rebelled against the administration three years later and was elected president of Mexico as a liberal in , but in he stated that Mexico was not ready for democracy and emerged as an autocratic Centralist.
When the liberals of Zacatecas defied his authority and an attempt to reduce their militia in , Santa Anna moved to crush them and followed up his battlefield victory with a harsh campaign of repression. In he marched north with his forces to play his controversial role in the Texas Revolution. After his capture by Sam Houston 's army, he was sent to Washington, D. He retired to his estates at Manga de Clavo for a time, then emerged to join the defense of Mexico against the French in December during the so-called "Pastry War.
He was acting president in , helped overthrow the government of Anastasio Bustamante in , and was dictator from to Excesses led to his overthrow and exile to Havana. He offered the possibility of a negotiated settlement to the United States and was permitted to enter Mexico through the American blockade. Once in the country he rallied resistance to the foreign invaders.
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