Diversification Modes through Time The comparative studies just described assume a single model through the entire history of each clade. Abbreviations Mya million years ago Myr million years. Funding Statement The author s received no specific funding for this work.
Footnotes Provenance: Commissioned; externally peer reviewed. References 1. Darwin CR. On the origin of species by means of natural selection London: John Murray; Valentine JW. Patterns of taxonomic and ecological structure of the shelf benthos during Phanerozoic time. Sepkoski JJ Jr. Ten years in the library: new data confirm paleontological patterns. Benton MJ. Diversification and extinction in the history of life. Kubo T, Benton MJ.
Tetrapod postural shift estimated from Permian and Triassic trackways. Raup DM. Taxonomic diversity during the Phanerozoic. Alroy J. The shifting balance of diversity among major marine animal groups. The Red Queen and the Court Jester: Species diversity and the role of biotic and abiotic factors through time. The great divergence: When did diversity on land exceed that in the sea?
Integr Comp Biol. Sustained Mesozoic—Cenozoic diversification of marine Metazoa: A consistent signal from the fossil record. Dinosaur diversity and the rock record. The Royal Society; ; : — The impact of the Pull of the Recent on the history of marine diversity. Palaeodiversity and formation counts: Redundancy or bias? Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates.
Proc Natl Acad Sci. National Academy of Sciences; ; : — Dinosaurs and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. Van Valen L. A new evolutionary law. Evol Theory.
Pearson PN. Hist Biol. Available: The Red Queen revisited: reevaluating the age selectivity of Phanerozoic marine genus extinctions. Paleobiology ; ; 34 : — Quantifying age-dependent extinction from species phylogenies. Syst Biol. May RM. Biological diversity: differences between land and sea.
Biodiversity on land and in the sea. Geol J. Wiens JJ. Faster diversification on land than sea helps explain global biodiversity patterns among habitats and animal phyla. Ecol Lett. Pollution , climate change, and population growth are all threats to biodiversity. These threats have caused an unprecedented rise in the rate of species extinction.
Some scientists estimate that half of all species on Earth will be wiped out within the next century. Conservation efforts are necessary to preserve biodiversity and protect endangered species and their habitats. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.
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Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives. A terrestrial ecosystem is a land-based community of organisms and the interactions of biotic and abiotic components in a given area. Examples of terrestrial ecosystems include the tundra, taigas, temperate deciduous forests, tropical rainforests, grasslands, and deserts.
The type of terrestrial ecosystem found in a particular place is dependent on the temperature range, the average amount of precipitation received, the soil type, and amount of light it receives. Use these resources to spark student curiosity in terrestrial ecosystems and discover how different abiotic and biotic factors determine the plants and animals found in a particular place. Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms within a given area.
A keystone species helps define an entire ecosystem. Compiled by expert authors from 50 countries over the past three years, with inputs from another contributing authors, the Report assesses changes over the past five decades, providing a comprehensive picture of the relationship between economic development pathways and their impacts on nature.
It also offers a range of possible scenarios for the coming decades. Based on the systematic review of about 15, scientific and government sources, the Report also draws for the first time ever at this scale on indigenous and local knowledge, particularly addressing issues relevant to Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities. Josef Settele Germany and Prof. Eduardo S. The Report finds that around 1 million animal and plant species are now threatened with extinction, many within decades, more than ever before in human history.
These culprits are, in descending order: 1 changes in land and sea use; 2 direct exploitation of organisms; 3 climate change; 4 pollution and 5 invasive alien species. The Report notes that, since , greenhouse gas emissions have doubled, raising average global temperatures by at least 0. Despite progress to conserve nature and implement policies, the Report also finds that global goals for conserving and sustainably using nature and achieving sustainability cannot be met by current trajectories, and goals for and beyond may only be achieved through transformative changes across economic, social, political and technological factors.
With good progress on components of only four of the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets, it is likely that most will be missed by the deadline. Loss of biodiversity is therefore shown to be not only an environmental issue, but also a developmental, economic, security, social and moral issue as well. The Report also presents a wide range of illustrative actions for sustainability and pathways for achieving them across and between sectors such as agriculture, forestry, marine systems, freshwater systems, urban areas, energy, finance and many others.
It highlights the importance of, among others, adopting integrated management and cross-sectoral approaches that take into account the trade-offs of food and energy production, infrastructure, freshwater and coastal management, and biodiversity conservation.
Also identified as a key element of more sustainable future policies is the evolution of global financial and economic systems to build a global sustainable economy, steering away from the current limited paradigm of economic growth. Anne Larigauderie. UN Environment is proud to support the Global Assessment Report produced by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services because it highlights the critical need to integrate biodiversity considerations in global decision-making on any sector or challenge, whether its water or agriculture, infrastructure or business.
The magic of seeing fireflies flickering long into the night is immense. We draw energy and nutrients from nature. We find sources of food, medicine, livelihoods and innovation in nature.
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